Communication Process Paper Essay Essay Example

Correspondence Process Paper Essay Example Correspondence Process Paper Essay Correspondence Process Paper Essay Correspondence technique is an extremely of import aspect with the guide of which individuals send messages verbal including sentences. words. what's more, messages nonverbal including physical scene. facial look. also, conduct. Correspondence structures have changed in view of adjusting nature of collaboration between individuals. Correspondence permits worry to sort out and join normal finishes. A detached conveying strategy in concern where the workers may go to the managers and voice their preferences each piece great as disapprovals. The worry will hold a plausible domain for everybody. As the message goes thereby. there is clamor and which changes the message into something else based on what was sent. These are also called the hindrances to useful conveying. Clamor can be inert or anything that diverts from the proposed rub. Model. on the off chance that there a gathering going on in the work environment and two representatives are talking out of sight. A man will go distrait of what the gathering is around. Correspondence method Paper The climes in most working environment are cool in the event that it is an inside occupation. So single might be comfortable pass oning with one and another. A few people accept the earth burns from the sun have any kind of effect with the way a single impart. Correspondence is basic in the working environment and it the essential offices to pass on the correct message. Most occupations have move work and requests to give starting with one removal then onto the next. This might be finished by verbal or written in paper. A worry clime no doubt makes inside degrees of heading and spreads from at that place. The quality and coming up short of any association are just positive or negative as the people who work at that place. On the off chance that there a loosened strategy where workers can correspondence with their chiefs however they see fit. This procedure will do the working environment condition achievable for everybody. Each representative in the work environment should voice their feeling toward the administrator without been anxious about the outcome. Everybody has a few failings and qualities in imparting as a result of mental and individual unmistakable highlights. also, every twenty-four hours imparting structures. Verbal composed conveying is my quality. My coming up short is gestural conveying on the grounds that in some condition of affairss I am non sure what conduct structures I ought to follow. for case. conversing with outsiders. or then again the constabulary. In some cases I accept social or cultural obstructions pass oning with others. I have solid verbal conveying achievements since I spend a lot of clasp pass oning with my companions on the Internet. This way I can pass on with a few people at a similar clasp. what's more, spare clasp on calls or sing them. This signifier of imparting is extremely mainstream since it transmits data to the people and gets answer rapidly. I have great composed achievements and can unmistakably show slant in a few sentences. This quality is sensible. succinct. furthermore, illuminating messages. which help the collector to hang on the idea at once. Great composed achievements utilized in the condemnable justness framework and other concern. Mature ages back the senior heading commission of some worry. there plans for making everything from modifying arrangements to covering with representatives examined in secret. When those judgments made by heading. the administrators were approached to set those judgments into result. The workers had little to no contribution on those issues. The representatives did as they were advised or needed to happen another occupation. Today some course crew individuals tune in to what the workers need to state before doing an assurance on changing the strategies. Most worry in the present urges representatives to take a functioning part in their organization. The representatives who chip away at creation line may cognize a few different ways to better the lines. Some executive may experience out specific kind of wagess for their beliefs. Correspondence technique with workers can be a hard endeavor. It might take cognizing what a man need to state to give in a way to have pined for result. Interchanges to workers originate from a few nations inside the association. the supervisor. HR. the arrangement chief. also, other heading crew. Each representative need to cognize what is go oning inside the organization. The organization will non achieve if the workers are non loan what expected of that person. That why an efficient inside imparting plan required to make the perfect mindset inside the organization. Notice Discussing Efficaciously with Employees Retrieved on July 12. 2011 from hypertext move convention:/www. learningspaces. njit. edu/Elliot/content/imparting adequately representative

Alternate Assessments w9 esol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Substitute Assessments w9 esol - Essay Example In this paper, we will talk about elective evaluations like portfolios and K-W-L outlines that are in effect much of the time utilized and have increased enormous accomplishment in the ESL study halls. Student Portfolios are one of the most well-known elective evaluations that are being utilized generally in the ESL homerooms these days. A portfolio alludes to an assemblage of a student’s work which can incorporate such things as notes from student/instructors conversations, learner’s composing tests, gives an account of books read, learner’s reflection on their turn of events, and insights from execution based evaluations, and scores of business tests. Portfolios are a comprehensive, understudy focused and execution based methodology of appraisal. This technique for evaluation is massively helpful to all the understudies particularly the ESL understudies since portfolios center around students’ qualities as opposed to their shortcomings. Also, it gives space to the ESL understudies to show more than what they are tried for. Along these lines, understudies are urged to work all the more proficiently and show their best work. They give possibilities to un derstudies to view who they are as students, scholars and individuals. What's more, portfolios improve the correspondence between the instructor and the understudies, the educator and the guardians, and the school chairmen also. Be that as it may, these portfolios are very tedious and don’t give measuring results which just economically accessible tests can give. Also, these elective appraisals may not meet qualification necessities in vocation preparing programs, or more elevated level classes of ESL students. Consequently, it is significant for ESL projects to utilize a mix of business based and execution based evaluations to test the language capability of ESL students (Burt &Keenan, 1995). To the extent local English talking understudies in the homeroom are concerned, portfolios are reasonable for them. All the understudies, independent of

Manifest Destiny Essay Sample

Manifest Destiny Essay Sample There are a lot of different beliefs and events that has had an impact on the history on different countries. The history of the United States of America also includes such crucial beliefs and events. One of the most important movements that made the US as they are now was the Manifest Destiny. It is a belief, movement, and duty at the same time that started at the beginning of 19th century. To understand how the American people and the US became what they are now, it essential to know and understand information about manifest duty. In 1800, people already believed that their country is special and their goal should be to develop it. For this reason, the United States that were just the coastal colonies wanted to expand their territories using different methods. A great number of people supported this idea. Some of them just wanted to take advantage of this, but others truly believed that they had a duty to expand their country from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. For example, Northerners, who had problems with the overpopulation and economic instability, hoped that this manifest would make the urban areas less crowded. At the same time, Southerners also hoped to get more land for agriculture and manufactures that could help to stabilize the economy of the country. At that period of time, no one could know what role it would play in the history of the country. Who could know that the borders of the United States of America wouldn’t change till now? The manifest and people who believed in it are responsible for the country that exists now. In the 1840s the expansion of the territory of America started. People truly believed that they have a right to have these territories and they were ready to use different methods to do this. Some of the lands were achieved by the negotiations when others by conquering. In 1845, the US included The Texas Annexation. In 1846, it included The Oregon Country. In 1848, it included The Mexican Cession. In 1853, it included The Gadsden Purchase. In 1867, it included Alaska, and in 1898 â€" Hawaii. The manifest destiny took a long period of time to gain the goal of expansion. Moving west, Americans didn’t see the Indians as people. They saw them as slaves. Therefore, a great number of the Indians was killed, when others became slaves. A lot of lands was purchased from France in the Louisiana. Apart from this, there was war with Mexico, where the US gain the desired lands but lost a great number of soldiers. The number of people killed from the Mexican side is even higher. At first sight, the status of the Mexican people was the same as the status of other US citizens. However, they weren’t treated like that. They were treated as a second class people, the same as it was with the Britain and Americans. It was already mentioned that the Manifest Destiny had a great impact on the history of the United States. Yet, it is essential to understand that this influence was good and bad at the same time. From one side, it helped to develop the country’s economy. Apart from this, people got a lot of new lands. However, wars and conflicts took a lot of lives. Neither the Indians nor Mexican people wanted to become a part of the United States. As a result, there were a lot of conflicts, and even war, where a great number of people died. Nowadays, America doesn’t resist that not all of the actions were right, but it understands that without them, the United States that we know wouldn’t exist.

`` Pied Beauty `` By Gerard Manley Hopkins - 1433 Words

Throughout recorded history, humans have accredited the happenings of nature to a higher power; shown through religious beliefs past and present. The Greeks believed in a myriad of gods and goddesses, who supposedly governed all aspects of life and nature. They believed in a god or goddess to represent each part of nature from the sun to the sea; there was even a goddess of rainbows. The Grecians used their religion to explain the elements of their world for which they had no other explanation. Christians explain the natural world in a similar fashion. Instead of a god or goddess for each individual piece of nature, they preach that nature was created and is controlled by their God. The belief of divine control is a popular topic in literature; specifically poetry. â€Å"Pied Beauty† written by Gerard Manley Hopkins in 1877, and â€Å"Design† written by Robert Frost in 1922 are just two examples of many that follow this trend. Gerard Manley Hopkins was a 19th century, E nglish, Victorian poet. He was brought up in a religious and artistic family, leading to his becoming a poet and Jesuit priest (Reid). Alternatively, Robert Frost was a 20th century, modern, American poet. Frost lived and taught in New England; through his poetry he described much of its scenery and landscape (Gerber). Despite the differences in their lives and writing styles, Frost and Hopkins developed poems of similar image and theme. Though Hopkins’s â€Å"Pied Beauty† and Frost’s â€Å"Design† are of similar theme, theirShow MoreRelated`` Pied Beauty `` By Gerard Manley Hopkins1460 Words   |  6 Pagespoet Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote in the nineteenth century in England, which was a time when the literature reacted against science. During this era, most people in England believed in God being the creator. Conversely, Robert Frost is a modern poet that wrote in America during the twentieth-century. â€Å"He has been described as the purest class ical poet of America† (Browning and Cousin 243). Many authors throughout this time period rebelled against religion in their writing. The poems â€Å"Pied Beauty†Read MoreAttitude and Appreciation of the Natural World in Gerard Manley Hopkins and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows Poetry1239 Words   |  5 PagesWorld in Gerard Manley Hopkins and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows Poetry The simple beauty of nature is an aspect many of us take for granted in our everyday lives - the endearing sounds of birds welcoming another day and the powerful gush of a waterfall being some examples of these. But there are those individuals who have endeavoured to fully comprehend the marvellous complexity of the world around us. Such findings are present in the work of many poets - namely Gerard ManleyRead MoreWilliam Frost And Gerard Manley Hopkins : Nature And The Creation Of It1231 Words   |  5 Pagesbe so beautiful and innocent. Robert Frost and Gerard Manley Hopkins describe nature and the creation of it in their poems â€Å"Design† and â€Å"Pied Beauty†. They both express similarities and differences in nature between their two poems. Imagery is a very vital aspect in most all poems. In â€Å"Design† and â€Å"Pied Beauty† they go through an extended amount of imagery. Both poems seem to point out unusual aspects in nature. For instance, in â€Å"Pied Beauty† Hopkins states â€Å"fresh-firecoal chestnut falls; finches’Read More Using Animals Symbolically by Using Poetic Devices Essay627 Words   |  3 PagesPoetic Devices I will be discussing the ways in which the poets use animals symbolically by using poetic devices. The three poems that I have chosen are â€Å"The Tyger† by William Blake, â€Å"The Eagle† by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Lastly, Pied Beauty by Gerard Manley Hopkins. Alfred Lord Tennyson has used an image of an eagle to give the reader an image of a man standing on a cliff top waiting for his world to fall around him. He is in a desolate area; there is no society near him â€Å"ringed with the azureRead MoreA Beautiful Pied Design1185 Words   |  5 Pagespoems Pied Beauty by Gerard Manley Hopkins and Design by Robert Frost. The easiest likeness to notice is that both of these poems have the tendency to rhyme. However, they both have a different rhyming pattern. Pied Beauty can be noticed as a 1,2,3 rhyme by which I mean the ending words rhyme in 3s such as â€Å"things†, â€Å"cow†, â€Å"swim†, then the next three are â€Å"wings†, â€Å"plough†, â€Å"trim† (Hopkins 1,2,3,4,5,6). Design as a 1,2,2,3,3,2,2,1 rhyme meaning that is a lot more jumpy than Pied Beauty is. LinesRead MoreChanging Characteristics of Poetry from Modern to Romantics3272 Words   |  14 Pages Changing characteristics of poetry from Romantics to Modern Abstract: The characteristics of poetry changed with the changing of eras and literary periods. Romantics have their own features and writing style. Nature and beauty play very important role in Romantic poetry. Victorian poetry is different from Romantics because its themes are about Victorian age, which is influenced by democracy, evolutionary sciences and industrial revolution. After that the Modern age comesRead MoreLiterature Marking Scheme9477 Words   |  38 Pages15 Set texts (syllabus 0486) * from Songs of Ourselves from Part 4 (Poems from the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries): Poems 110 to 123 inclusive, i.e. the following fourteen poems: Sujata Bhatt, ‘A Different History’ Gerard Manley Hopkins, ‘Pied Beauty’ Allen Curnow, ‘Continuum’ Edwin Muir, ‘Horses’ Judith Wright, ‘Hunting Snake’ Ted Hughes, ‘Pike’ Christina Rossetti, ‘A Birthday’ Dante Gabriel Rossetti, ‘The Woodspurge’ Kevin Halligan, ‘The Cockroach’ Margaret Atwood, ‘TheRead MorePoems: City Planners15330 Words   |  62 Pagesbedfellows to the poems, the clearer the shared themes are. The natural comparisons here are obviously â€Å"City Planners† by Boey Kim Cheng and â€Å"Pied Beauty† by Gerard Manley Hopkins. In short, I opposed Cheng and Hopkins: Hopkins revels in the imperfections of life and sees them as beautiful; Cheng laments how we cannot tolerate the imperfections of life as Hopkins wishes we could – the flaws of our lives are eradicated by city planners who replace the natural/the historical/the past with gleaming, soulless

Essay on Classification and Division - 645 Words

Jason Schaeffer English Comp 1 Fridays 1230 11/03/06 Classification and Division The video game industry is a multibillion dollar a year industry, so it isnt hard to understand why they go through great strides to protect their image. They provide entertainment to all ages, genders, nationalities, and ethnicities. Contrary to the opinions of the industries opponents, video games are not destroying our youth, they challenge, educate, and provide an escape from an oppressive world. There are four main types of video games; RPG or role-playing game, RTS or real-time strategy, FPS or first person shooter, and sports titles. Of these the FPS is probably the most popular, allowing people to get together with their friends, or go†¦show more content†¦They must learn economics, politics, diplomacy, construction, military tactics, naval power, and siege tactics in order to survive for more than an hour of play. Rome: Total War has two different screens that a player must learn to master, the campaign map, where armies, navies, and diplomats are moved, and where cities are managed. Then there is the battle screen which changes every time a player attacks or defends a different location. It is on this screen that the game is truly won or lost. Gamers must fully understand the strengths and weaknesses of not only their units, but the units of their enemy. This is but one challenge for gamers, they must also learn how to confront elephants, chariots, siege weapons, and the naked fanatics of the Gauls. The next type of game is sports titles, which are probably the most popular for a group of people, rather than the individual gamer. Sports titles cover everything from football and baseball to golf and auto racing. These games are equally enjoyed by both players who are or were jocks, and for those who wish they were. A person learns the mechanics and intricacies, giving them a greater appreciation for the game overall. Sometimes the video game can create a fan of a sport where none existed before. It is obvious that video games are not all abo ut sex, drugs and violence. While there are certain titles that are questionable, but most games are quite harmless. With school becoming lessShow MoreRelatedClassification and Division Essay Roommates799 Words   |  4 PagesEssay: Classification or Division. Class: Eng 110. Instructor: Mrs. Anna Forbes. ------------------------------------------------- â€Å"Roommates† Reza Hossaini How different we are! We deal with different people. These people can be our neighbors, class fellows, our friends or they can be our roommates. If I speak about my roommates, first I will categorize them into different groups. However roommates include people or students who come from different places, provinces or even from differentRead MoreDivision and Classification Essay (Reptiles)1367 Words   |  6 PagesDivision and Classification Essay Animals that breath air and have scales on the exterior of their body are referred to as reptiles. Reptiles have been dated back to have been on the earth for the past 315 million years, though not all species are extant in modern times. All reptiles are ectotherm, which means they are â€Å"cold-blooded† animals (whereas most mammals are warm-blooded). All reptiles are also tetrapods, which mean they have four limbs (or they have descended from four-limbed ancestors)Read MoreClassification and Division: Levels of Friendship1247 Words   |  5 PagesClassification and Division: Levels of Friendship A great sense of humor, adventurous, honest and great advice are all characteristics that come to mind when people think of the word â€Å"friend†. Friends are an essential part of living. They help one another when life gets rough, and it is always a good feeling to have a friend with you. We always want to share our thoughts with someone who understands us, and who shares common interests. Since humans are social creatures, it is no wonder friendsRead MoreDivision and Classification Essay Smaples1968 Words   |  8 PagesLecture 8 Division and Classification Model One: Mall People Just what goes into having fun? For many people, fun involves getting out of the house, seeing other people, having something interesting to look at, and enjoying a choice of activities, all at a reasonable price. Going out to dinner or to the movies may satisfy some of those desires, but often not all. But an attractive alternative does exist in the form of the free-admission shopping mall. Teenagers, couples on datesRead More Presidential Candidates: Division And Classification Essay652 Words   |  3 Pages Presidential Candidates: Division and Classification nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;You could be the next presidential candidate! Sound good? You must file papers with the Federal Election Commission to run. You also have to pay the nominal filing fee charged to candidates entering the New Hampshire primary. That doesn ¹t sound so difficult. Anyone who can accomplish these two tasks may run for President. Usually, some unlikely people do. This year, the candidates include people from Phil GrammRead MoreComparison of Ddc and Lc Scheme1038 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Dewey decimal classification and Library of Congress Classification are the two most widely used classification schemes and both are very effective tools for organizing materials in public and academic libraries Singh (2011) states that the Dewey decimal classification scheme is a system of library classification that classifies all topics, knowledge and information into ten main classes numbered from 000 to 900, which together cover the entire world of knowledge. These ten classesRead MoreComparison of Ddc and Lc Scheme1038 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Dewey decimal classification and Library of Congress Classification are the two most widely used classification schemes and both are very effective tools for organizing materials in public and academic libraries Singh (2011) states that the Dewey decimal classification scheme is a system of library classification that classifies all topics, knowledge and information into ten main classes numbered from 000 to 900, which together cover the entire world of knowledge. These ten classesRead MoreDirectives And Regulations Are Forms Of Secondary Eu Legislation1262 Words   |  6 Pagescourt system and the different classifications. †¢ Paragraph 1 – U6 – 7.1/U10 – 3.2 - Definition of courts of first instance and examples. - Magistrates Courts/Judges †¢ Paragraph 2 – U10 – 2.3 - County Courts †¢ Paragraph 3 – U6 – 7.1 - Appellate Courts - Supreme Court †¢ Paragraph 4 –U10 – 3.3 - Crown Courts - Appeals from Magistrates Courts †¢ Paragraph 5 – U10 – 2.5 - High Courts/Three Divisions - Examples †¢ Paragraph 6 - U10 – 6/3.4 - The Court of Appeals/Two Divisions - Appeals †¢ Paragraph 7–U10-4Read MoreThe Doctrine Of Angelology1169 Words   |  5 Pagesstudy of Satan and demons, under the name demonology. Angels are mentioned approximately 108 times in the Old Testament and 165 times in the New Testament. The existence of angels in the Bible are without a doubt present, there are different classifications of angels and they have a ministry. This journal critique will give a brief summary and critique of the journal article from the Bibliotheca Sacra, titled â€Å"Angelology† by theologian Lewis Sperry Chafer. Brief Summary Lewis Sperry Chafer,Read MoreScience And Innovation : How It Is The Most Key Medium Of Passing On Data1075 Words   |  5 Pagesfor Machine learning. Utilizing pictures for the route of robots is a case of the same. Different applications, for example, extricating defame tissues from the body checks and so forth frame an indispensable piece of Medical conclusion. Picture division is one of the introductory strides in course of comprehension pictures and afterward finds the distinctive items in them. Cutting edge agrarian science and innovation is compelling development. The estimation of natural product relies on upon the

Motherhood and the Behavioral Patterns Free Essays

string(27) " sex towards the students\." CHAPTER I THE PROBLEMS AND ITS SCOPE Introduction Our society today is focusing on a very problem regarding early motherhood. The primary cause of early motherhood is premarital sex. Sexual intercourse nowadays is very common and an open topic between lovers, friends, parents and their children especially in the third world countries such as the US and UK, and also in school. We will write a custom essay sample on Motherhood and the Behavioral Patterns or any similar topic only for you Order Now Parents are the ones who would advise their children not to engage in premarital sex as much as possible but if ever it’s an open subject to them, they should advise their children not to forget their condoms or even have their Depovella injection. Our country, Philippines, is not considered a first-world country but since we are westernized, this topic has been open to us. Teenagers and young adults who are not married are already engaging in premarital sex thus becoming young mothers. Premarital sex is not just the one involve here but also the different vices that women are engaged in. different vices such as drinking alcohol and taking drugs will also lead to early motherhood. Many factors are involved in becoming young mothers. These factors may push an adolescent or teenagers to engage in premarital sex and become pregnant. Being pregnant at an early age has different risks. It’s not just the mother that is at risk but also the baby inside the womb. And after giving birth, women at early age still do not know the responsibilities of being a mother in order for the baby to live happily and healthy. Background of the Study Most women today are engaging in pre-marital sex and some of them do not know much on how to protect them from getting pregnant. It’s really sad that when young women are already pregnant, their primary option is to abort the baby inside them. I my opinion, you can’t correct a mistake by committing another mistake. Getting pregnant at an early age is not the baby’s fault; it’s the one making or engaging on pre-marital sex who are to be blamed. Abortion is not just a sin to us humans but most of all to God. Statistics show that a report by Save the Children found that, annually, 13 million children are born to women under age 20 worldwide. Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2. 9 per 1000 in South Korea. Fertility rates in South Asia ange from 71 to 119 births per 1000 women aged 15–19. 30% of all Indian induced abortions are performed on women who are under 20. In the Philippines, according to the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study by the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI) and the Demographic Research and Development Foundation, 26 percent of our Filipino youth nationwide from ages 15 to 25 admi tted to having a premarital sex experience. What’s worse is that 38 percent of our youth are already in a live-in arrangement. The 1998 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) reveal that 3. million of our teenagers got pregnant. In 92 percent of these teens, the pregnancy was unplanned, and the majority, 78 percent, did not even use contraceptives the first time they had sex. Many of the youth are clueless that even on a single intercourse, they could get pregnant. Being a mother at an early age is a very difficult part to handle because at this point most likely they are not yet finished in their studies and having not graduated from college is very difficult to find noble jobs to sustain a family or the baby’s needs. Even if you have a partner, the father of the child is helping; it still doesn’t change the fact that the nether has the responsibility of taking care of the baby. In this study, we shall discuss the different impacts of being a mother at an early age in relation to their behavioral processes. We shall discuss how early motherhood affects their five (5) aspects: physically, mentally, emotionally, spiritually and socially. We shall also discuss the factors that pushed teenagers and young adults to engage in pre-marital sex. A thorough study, research and interview will be done. Statement of the Problem The prime objective the study is to know how the behavioral processes of women are affected by early motherhood. Null Hypothesis There is no significant relationship between women engaged in premarital sex and their experience as early mothers. There is no significant relationship between women engaged in different vices and their experience as early mothers. There is no significant relationship between women with family problems and their experience as early mothers. There is no significant relationship between different forms of media and women experiencing early motherhood. Significance of the Study To the young women This study will enable them to understand the importance of being a mother if they are still young. If they would really absorb the findings of this research paper, they will be more careful in handling themselves in relation to premarital sex. If they are mothers already, their knowledge about handling and understanding their baby’s needs will be broadened. To the Parents This study will enable them to be more alert and responsible in educating their children towards sex. Parents would learn something from the findings the importance of teaching their children the responsibility of being a mother to their baby. To the Government From this study, they will be encouraged to plan and organize programs for the benefit of the teenagers of today to be more careful in having an intimate relationship towards the opposite sex. They should also do something about the problems on widespread porno websites that even an eight year old kid who knows how to operate the computer can access. To the School Administration This study will enable them to be more practical and open in education of sex towards the students. You read "Motherhood and the Behavioral Patterns" in category "Papers" Scope and Limitations of the Study This research focused on the behavioral processes and factors of women experiencing early motherhood. This study includes a number of fifteen (15) young women, their age ranging from 16 to 25 years old, residing near us and they are even our friends. Questionnaires were given for them to answer. Definition of Terms Mother – a female parent; especially, one of human race; a woman who has given birth to a child. Motherhood – the state of being a mother; the qualities of a mother; the kinship relationship between an offspring and the mother. Behavior – manner of acting or conducting yourself; the aggregate of the response or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situation. Process – the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents; a series of actions, motions, or occurrences. Behavioral Processes – the manner of acting or conducting yourself towards a series of actions, motions, or occurrences. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Related Literature Buergo, Ramon H. â€Å"Teenage Pregnancy†. Healthbeat. The official Publication of the DOH. Issue #53. March-June 2009. This article talks about the reasons and repercussions of being pregnant at an early age, that a lot of young people today have children of their own and the Philippines is not far from this situation. Globally, there are 1. 2 billion youth today. In the Philippines, the total population is 88. 7 million, of which, 27. 3 million (31%) belongs to the 15-24 year old population. By age 17, a total of 7% of young women have been pregnant; by age 18, 11. 9% have been pregnant; and by age 19, 23. 5% have been pregnant. Majority of these pregnancies are out of wedlock and teenage pregnancy is higher among young girls with premarital sex experience. Imagine how sad to know the percentage of these young women in the Philippines is in this situation. Many reasons are involved in this kind of situation. These reasons are of women living away from home, smoking, drinking and using drugs. These risky behaviors may put many young women at risk of teenage pregnancy and thus become early mothers. Many young women got pregnant even for the first time women engaging in sex because they do not know about contraception and they do not know the fertile period of their menstrual cycle. The consequences of what they are doing are still unknown by them. These consequences involve the risk for malnutrition, risk for inadequate prenatal care, and risk for fetal deaths, risk for abortion, and risk for acquiring cervical cancer. These could be avoided if there is proper education to the young ones of today. There should be the responsibility and obligations from the parents, government, and schools. Related Studies Mother is synonymous with responsibility(service), opportunity(special membership in the home), and accountability(day-to-day molding of children’s character and future). Being a mother is having great love to your child whether you are young or not. According to Nestor Casugan Rillona, Th. D. , a loving mother is patient; a loving mother does not push her children into doing things he way; a loving mother is not relieved when her disagreeable child finally disobeys her directly and she can punish; a loving mother bears much of the responsibility for her children; and a loving mother never really dies. A research was made about a myth that a women’s ability to think was impaired by pregnancy and mothering a new born – this condition was referred to as â€Å"baby brain† and they have discredit it. An Australian National University team conducted a 20-year study on health and ageing analyzed the mental function of a group of women before and during pregnancy and in the early stages of motherhood. They didn’t find any difference between the women before and after pregnancy, or before and after motherhood, and there were no difference between the non-mothers and the mothers, and the pregnant women. These women that they used as subjects were given memory and cognitive speed tests three times over eight years which tracks their mental health. The subjects were not told that they are into a pregnancy study when they signed up. The study had found some limited impact on cognitive speed in late pregnancy and the result showed that carrying a baby had no permanent effects on a woman’s mental function. It was found out that â€Å"baby brain† is not inevitable and the perceptions of impairment may reflect emotional or other unknown factors. The attitude of adolescents towards sex is a behavior motivation. The sex behavior of the young has become a problem, not only to themselves but more so to parents, school, people, religious leaders, civic associations, and the government. There is a current need to make our growing girls and boys understand sex and the role it plays in an individual’s life as well as the development of wholesome and desirable sex behavior. Sex is a collective word signifying one of the two divisions of any organism, the male or female and which involves distinction between the two and the relationship of one to the other. Most people today realize the need for sex education, but there is a problem as to when, what and how of sex education. Sex education is not a matter of teaching but it is rather a matter of training, which parents are the best qualified to give. CHAPTER III DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS Profile Presentation Respondents Name Address Age at Pregnancy Age at Present Ritchie Ley Terez P-1, Lower Loboc, 20 yrs. Old 21 yrs. old Oroquieta City Kristy Muriedas Pob. 1, Oroq. City 17 yrs. Old 21 yrs. Old Princess Amyfe Aguilar Layawan, Oroq. City 16 yrs. Old 17 yrs. Old Elvie Eleanor Caliao Pob. 1, Oroq. City 24 yrs. Old 25 yrs. Old Q’lydFrances Morales Pob. 1, Oroq. City 19 yrs. old 22 yrs. Old Airah Sala P-1, Lower Loboc, 24 yrs. old 25 yrs. old Oroquieta City Rubelyn Batoy Pob. 1, Oroq. City 19 yrs. Old 24 yrs. Old Charity Omandam P-1, Lower Loboc 16 yrs. Old 17 yrs. Old Oroquieta City Arlyn Sepe Rizal St. , Oroq. City 23 yrs. Old 27 yrs. Old Lady Faith Ingcong Rizal St. , Oroq. City 18 yrs. Old 19 yrs. Old Janice Cotales Lopez Jaena, Mis. Occ. 19 yrs. Old 24 yrs. Old Charilyn Gemina Lopez Jaena, Mis. Occ. 18 yrs. Old 22 yrs. Old Reley Gumisong Bunga, Oroq. City 17 yrs. Old 18 yrs. Old Ma. Malyn Ortizo Bunga, Oroq. City 16 yrs. Old 18 yrs. Old Cielo Mae Gabule Pob. 2, Oroq. City 18 yrs. Old 20 yrs. Old Statistics Presentation January – 8 May- 5 September – 14 February – 11 June – 21 October – 10 March – 1 July – 15 November – 3 April – 6 August – 5 December – 12 {draw:frame} Interpretation of Data *Anal*ysis There are 15 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 100% which means that being a mother at an early age you have to commit yourself and your time wholly o your baby. There are 12 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 80% and 3 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 20% meaning majority of the respondents education were affected by early pregnancy and most of them didn’t finish their schooling. There are 4 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 27% and 11 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 73% and it means that majority of the respondents are God-fearing and considered the welfare and life of her baby. There are 3 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 20% and 12 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 80% and it means that most of them didn’t expect that they’ll be a mother at an early age. There are 15 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 100% which means that all of the respondents changed a lot on their attitude towards patience to their baby and other things. There are 13 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 87% and 2 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 13% and it means that most them considered motherhood as an obligation; that the welfare of their child lies on their hands. There are 8 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 53% and 7 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 47% and in this question the respondents are divided in according to their emotions whether they are stable or not. There are 14 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 93% and 1 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 7% and it means that almost all of the respondents’ social life is affected in the sense that they already have the responsibility to take care of. There are 5 women who answered yes and 10 answered no which means that some of women have regrets and some are happy for having child. There are 11 women who answered yes and 4 answered no which means that they have the confident that they have to raise their child with the full development of all 5 aspects. There 12 women who answered yes and 3 answered no which means that most of them want marriage. There are 13 women who answered yes and 2 answered no which means that love is the reason that motivates them to engage in premarital sex and they don’t have control that is why they got pregnant not at the right age. There are 2 women who answered yes and 13 answered no which means that they have the feelings of hatred after giving birth maybe in what happened they can’t accept. There are 2 women who answered yes and 13 answered no which means that some of their parents hurt them maybe the parents will not accept in what happened to their daughter for having a pregnant at early age. There are 8 women who answered yes and 7 answered no which means that their self-esteem lowered during pregnancy. Graph Presentation There are 100% who answered yes in question no. 1 in which there lifestyle change when they become mothers. draw:frame} There are 80% who answered yes and 80% who answered no in which their education was affected by early motherhood. {draw:frame} There are 27% who answered yes and 73% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents are God-fearing and considered the welfare of the child. {draw:frame} There are 80% who answered yes and 20% who answered no in which the majo rity of the respondents are expecting or planning to be a mother soon. {draw:frame} There are 100% who answered yes wherein the respondents have become more patient when they become mothers. draw:frame} There are 87% who answered yes and 13% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents considered motherhood as an obligation. {draw:frame} There are 53% who answered yes and 47% who answered no in which the respondents are almost divided in half in the question of being emotionally stable or not. {draw:frame} There are 93% who answered yes and 7% who answered no in which almost all of the respondents’ social life are affected when they become mothers. draw:frame} There are 33% who answered yes and 67% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents didn’t have regrets in getting pregnant at an early age. {draw:frame} There are 73% who answered yes and 27% who answered no in which the respondents are confident in developing the five aspects of their ch ild. {draw:frame} There are 80% who answered yes and 20% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents gave importance to marriage. draw:frame} There are 87% who answered yes and 13% who answered no in which the respondents are motivated by love when they had sex. {draw:frame} There are 13% who answered yes and 87% who answered no in which the respondents didn’t feel regret in having a child at an early age. {draw:frame} There are 13% who answered yes and 87% who answered no in which some of the respondents were hurt physically and morally by their parents upon learning that they are pregnant. draw:frame} There are 53% who answered yes and 47% who answered no in which they are divided almost half towards the lowering of their self-esteem. {draw:frame} CHAPTER IV RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY Research Design This research utilized narrative survey method to gather all fats and data concerning the behavioral processes of women experiencing early motherhood. The met hod utilized further to look into the profile in terms of age, location, and behavioral patterns. Research Setting This research was conducted in the house of the respondents in Lower Loboc, Pob. 1, and Lopez Jaena. Research Respondents The study utilized 15 women ages 16 to 25 years old. Research Instrument Utilized This research utilized questionnaires to gather all data and investigation concerning their behavioral process. Data Gathering Procedure We, the researchers asked the permission of the respondents. After the permission, the researchers asked about their profile and there was the submission of profile to the adviser. Questionnaires have been given to the respondents for them to answer. The data gathered in this study were analyzed with the aid of the following questions. METHODOLOGY CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS Summary The study deals with early motherhood and how it affects their behavioral patterns in terms emotional, physical, spiritual, mental and social aspects. Being a mother at an early age is not just a problem here in the Philippines but all over the world. It is a question of how you will be able to raise your child when you are not yet finish schooling, you don’t have stable jobs to have an income to support the child’s needs. You don’t have the idea how to raise a child when in fact you’re still a child inside. Motherhood means having the qualities of a mother and as for this statement a woman with a child should be loving, caring, responsible, patient, understanding, and merciful, etc. Having all these qualities of a mother should start from the first day of conception up to the day you die. Motherhood is lifetime commitment. It doesn’t end when your child goes to school or have family of their own. We the researchers were able to gather data and wereable to interpret and analyze them with the best. CONCLUSION After conducting the study entitled; Early Motherhood, the researchershave come up into a conclusions that there is no significant relationship between engaging in different vices and women early mother not just because you don’t have enough knowledge about it and aside from that the baby will burden the consequences and in effect, it leads to poor family upbringing. There is no significant relationship between women experiencing early motherhood and premarital sex. Because you are not at the right age and at the right time. Engaging premarital sex is not allowed in the church especially in the catholic faith. RECOMMENDATIONS The case of early motherhood is increasing year after year because of the widespread of all forms of media. The television, radio, newspapers and internets contains things not suitable for minors and these can be easily accessed, seen, heard, read by ages from 7 up who are able to read and write. These widespread medals should be restricted by the governments, parents, and the schools. The education of sex and everything should start at home by the parents. Parents should educate their children as early as possible as long as they already understand. Sex education is not just about mating but introducing first reproductive organs. An example is that parents should say to their until child the correct name of their genital organs like this not a â€Å"flower† or a â€Å"bridge† but it is your vagina or penis and you have to take care of them until you grow up. When watching televisions, parents should guide their children of what they are watching. The government should widen the campaign for sex education among you’ve women. They should implement programs on making the youth understand the importance of education before entering motherhood. They should also do something about the internet sites that even a 1st grader can access. The school administration should include sex education in all curriculums in high school or college. It should be well explained to the students the importance of finishing school and have stable job before having a baby. There should be counseling about having intimate relationships towards the opposite sex. As to the young women, they should have discipline in taking care of their honor and dignity. They should never engage in premarital sex if possible so to avoid pregnancy. If they can’t avoid engaging in premarital sex, they should know the different kinds of contraception. BIBLIOGRAPHY Rilloma, Nestor C. â€Å"Mandate of Motherhood†. Health and Home, May-June 2003. Buergo, Ramon H. â€Å"Reasons and Repercussions. Teenage Pregnancy†. Healthbeat. Issue No. 53. The Official Publication of DOH, March-June 2009. â€Å"Australian researchers put paid to â€Å"baby brain† myth†. Psychology and Psychiatry. Psyorg. com. 5 Feb 2010. http://www. physorg. com/news184570915. html Singson, Rebecca B. â€Å"Teen Pregnancies in the Philippines†. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 14 June 2010. http://ardictionary. com/Mother/7320 http://thefreedictionary. com/motherhood How to cite Motherhood and the Behavioral Patterns, Papers

Business Report Power in Organizations

Question: Describe about the Business Report for Power in Organizations. Answer: Introduction The business report will include critical analysis of the two given journal article. The given journal is based on the view of power in a company. The first journal is given by Cameron Anderson and Sebastien Brio, second is by Amarjit Singh, third is by Fred C. Lunenburg and fourth by Marcus Goncalves. In the first article concentrates on the ideas that few people will get hold of the power in the long-time as well as some of them are incompetent for possessing the fact that will be incorporating political benefit. In the second article, it will be providing in-depth knowledge in the context of the power bases, which will be unconstructive for using the power. It will also be giving a review on the classical concepts of power. Critical Analysis Article 1: Perspectives on Power in Organizations by Cameron Anderson and Sebastien Brio: In the first article, the importance of power for individual functioning, it will be essential for understanding few people for acquiring power. It will not be occurring because few of the individuals will be retaining power, once it is attained, in the fall of lofty positions of the power. The article will be reviewing the conceptualizing the method of power which doubles the time and review the research which will be speaking on three distinct power of dynamics, which will be maintenance, loss, and acquisition of power. Some of the budding sets have been found out, which will help for reconciling the appearance of nature on conflict. One of the major analyses has been done on finding contradiction among power maintenance and loss. Further, analysis can be given on the behavioral approach system, which will be activated through power generation. As per the theory of power approach, it has been found that power has given rise in surging for utilizing in cognition and heuristic for automatic social. Power is also having an impact on the individual motivation, cognition and behavior, like it, will be easing in achieving the objective. Through the creation of interpersonal social distance, cognitive power effect has been seen. One of the initial responsibilities of leader for facilitating cooperation of power as well as the group success has increased. Further, it has been analyzed that it will be emphasizing on the importance of power as well as for giving an accurate description of the factor affecting the impact of power. Huge concentration has been given on the historical concept of power, which will be concentrating on the overall crisis and complexity of the organization. It has been further analyzed that need of power will also be appearing for varying the life span across the stage. Moreover, it has been analyzed that organization will be giving trait, which is associated with the skills of the program. The article analyzed the power of which will be divided into maintenance and loss of the organization. The analysis has been looking in the exogenous factor, which will be consisting attributions and justification of the system. The article has result related to the endogenous factor, which will be taking into account behavior, cognition and effect of physiology. Further, the loss of the project has been observed for covering the loss in the exogenous factor is considered by including the result in the environmental competition, intergroup characteristics and characteristics of an individual. Article 2 - Organizational Power in Perspective by Amarjit Singh: In the second article, there has been auditing and evaluation of the classical concepts in the power management literature and descriptive style of power. According to the findings, it has been analyzed that the company is putting a transparent focus on the utilization of optimum utilization of power. To make effective utilization and posses' power, managers need to utilize their skill which will be comprised of persuasive ability, competence, personality to facilitate others and reciprocal favors. Next, it has also been observed that there are three types of managers according to the use of power, which will be personal power manager, affiliate managers, and institutional managers. Further, form the arguments of the author it has been analyzed that every company has impact in the power dynamics because of the connected politics. When the employees at low-level will possess a specialization in the technical expertise for accessing the important information, which will be influencing the decision of senior managers. It is has been conceivable for the senior managers who will be giving threatening to the status. Thus, it will also be terminated for a flimsy excuse, for the sharp and qualifying employee. Moreover, in the role of efficacious the leader will be a good follower. By close observation, it has been noticed that it will be completely putting back the encouragement of the coercion for the general use. The original threat has to whistle-blow is conceivable for using a coercion power through low levels which will be at the high levels. The article will be reviewing the conceptualizing the method of power which doubles the time and review the research which will be speaking on three distinct power of dynamics, which will be maintenance, loss, and acquisition of power. Some of the budding sets have been found out, which will help for reconciling the appearance of nature on conflict. There has been wide concentration on the power base as well as it will be less focusing on the complexity of the organization. The managers had interacted with the subordinates in the upper management, for the interface personnel, outside forces and functional management for exerting power and exchanging that among the groups. Further is has been found that referring powers and experts have done large influence on the interactive groups, which will influence the subordinated of the formal power. Article 3: Power and Leadership: An Influence Process by Fred C. Lunenburg According to the given article, it has been analyzed that Power and leadership plays huge role in affecting the company. This article attempts in determining influence of a leader on the other leaders of the organization. Leadership in the organization will help is analyzing the situation more effectively. One of the major sources for implementing the leadership will be coercive power. The exercising power is occurring due to threat in the whistle. Further, from the authors arguments it has been analyzed every company has created an impact in the power dynamics because of the connected politics, which will be directly effecting the disciplines of the company. The article has greater conflict in the company or organization with disagreement, due to the highest requirement of the power. Further, it is has been analyzed that power has been regarded as management resource. Due to increasing use of formal power, there is curbing of motivation and creativity at the workplace. There is no influence on the coercion and reward for penalizing powers, which will be improved outside the organization. It has been further observed that there is no existence of tangible influence over the top management on the coercive power of the company. It has been further discovered that referent power has been interpreted as one of the major sources of influence. Article 4: Leadership Styles: The Power to Influence Others by Marcus Goncalves In the fourth article, it has analyzed that influence of power in the leadership will have huge impact on running the organization. Leadership will be having huge impact on discussion people with the culture. According to this article, it has been said that the company will have behavioral impact on the power of the management. When the employees at low-level will possess a specialization in the technical expertise for accessing the important information, which will be influencing the decision of senior managers. It is has been conceivable for the senior managers who will be giving threatening status. Thus, it will also be terminated for a flimsy excuse, for the sharp and qualifying employee. Moreover, in the role of being an efficacious leader, one needs to be a good follower. By close observation, it has been noticed that it will be putting back the encouragement of the coercion for the general use. The original threat has to whistle-blow which is conceivable for using a coercion power through low levels which will be at the high levels. The exercising power is occurring due to thereat in the whistle. Further, from the authors arguments it has been investigated that every company has an impact in the power dynamics because of the connected politics, which will be directly effecting the disciplines of the company. The article has greater conflict in the company or organization with disagreement, due to the highest requirement of the power. The organizational effect of power on the individual characteristics will have great impression. One of the major study has been done on finding contradiction among power maintenance and loss. Power is also having an impact on the individual motivation, cognition and behavior as it will likely provide ease in achieving the objective. Moreover, emphasizing on the importance of power has given an accurate description of the factor affecting the impact of power. Recommendation It is recommended that both the article is focusing on the characteristics of power. The second article should also include the concept of a behavioral approach. In the first article, it will be recommended that there has been huge evidence found in the context of coercion and authoritativeness. Power is also having an impact on the individual motivation, cognition and behavior, like it, will be easing in achieving the objective through the creation of interpersonal social distance, cognitive power effect. There has been wide concentration on the power base as well as it will be less focusing on the complexity of the organization. It has been further discovered that has been interpretation in the referent power, which is one of the major sources of influence and motivating the employees. Referent power has been granted as respectful status. Conclusion The first article concentrates on the ideas that few people will get hold of the power in the long-time as well as some of them are incompetent for possessing the fact that will be incorporating political benefit. Empirical research has been consistent with the status of characterizing the theory with an instance. The second article highlights in-depth knowledge in the context of the power bases, which will be unconstructive for using the power. It will also be giving a review on the classical concepts of power. In the third article attempts in determining influence of then leader on the organization as well as on the leaders of the organization. According to the given article, it has been analyzed that power and leadership plays huge role in the organization. In the fourth article, it has analyzed that influence of power in the leadership will have huge impact on running the organization. Leadership has huge impact on discussion people with the culture. Accordingly, it has been that company will have behavioral impact on the power of the management. Bibliography: Anderson, C. and Brion, S., 2014. Perspectives on power in organizations.Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav.,1(1), pp.67-97. Borgatti, S.P., Mehra, A., Labianca, G.J. and Brass, D.J. eds., 2014.Contemporary perspectives on organizational social networks(Vol. 40). Emerald Group Publishing. Courpasson, D., Golsorkhi, D. and Sallaz, J.J., 2012. Rethinking power in organizations, institutions, and markets: Classical perspectives, current research, and the future agenda.Research in Sociology of Organizations,34, pp.1-20. Erden, Z., Schneider, A. and von Krogh, G., 2014. The multifaceted nature of social practices: A review of the perspectives on practice-based theory building about organizations.European Management Journal,32(5), pp.712-722. Flynn, F.J., Gruenfeld, D., Molm, L.D. and Polzer, J.T., 2012. Social psychological perspectives on power in organizations.Administrative Science Quarterly, p.0001839212440969. Geppert, M., Becker-Ritterspach, F. and Mudambi, R., 2013. New organizational perspectives on the study of politics and power in the multinational company.Organization Studies,34(5-6), pp.867-869. Goncalves, M., 2013. Leadership Styles: The Power to Influence Others.International Journal of Business and Social Science,4(4). Hatch, M.J. and Cunliffe, A.L., 2013.Organization theory: modern, symbolic and postmodern perspectives. Oxford university press. Lunenburg, F.C., 2012. Power and leadership: an influence process.International journal of management, business, and administration,15(1), pp.1-9. Scott, W.R. and Davis, G.F., 2015.Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives. Routledge. Singh, A., 2009. Organizational Power in Perspective. Leadership and Management in Engineering. Pp.12. Accessed on: 4th October, 2016. Accessed from: https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/(ASCE)LM.1943-5630.0000018 Toorn, J., Feinberg, M., Jost, J.T., Kay, A.C., Tyler, T.R., Willer, R. and Wilmuth, C., 2015. A sense of powerlessness fosters system justification: Implications for the legitimation of authority, hierarchy, and government.Political psychology,36(1), pp.93-110. Van Kleef, G.A., Homan, A.C., Finkenauer, C., Blaker, N.M. and Heerdink, M.W., 2012. Prosocial norm violations fuel power affordance.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48(4), pp.937-942. Vartanian, L.R. and Silverstein, K.M., 2013. Obesity as a status cue: Perceived social status and the stereotypes of obese individuals.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,43(S2), pp.E319-E328. Wodak, R., 2014. Perspectives from Critical Discourse Studies and the Discourse-Historical Approach.Language and Communication at Work: Discourse, Narrativity, and Organizing,4, p.39.

A Macroeconomic And Financial Outlook Of New Zealand

Abstract There have been a lot of changes in the economic status of each and every country in the world over the last century. This is attributed to a number of factors. One of the major causes of this is the industrialization and civilization of countries.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A Macroeconomic And Financial Outlook Of New Zealand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the last century, many countries have shifted from agriculture and other primary sources of income to industrialization. New Zealand is one of these countries. This paper will discuss the current economic status of New Zealand and its prospect of a more stable economy in the coming one or two years. In order to achieve this, the paper will mainly focus on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Since factors affecting the GDP also have a significance effect on the macroeconomic stability of a country, they will also be discussed in detail . Some of this factors are the level of consumption of the country’s population, the level of savings and investment and the government’s fiscal and monetary policies. Primarily, this paper seeks to clarify the point that New Zealand’s economy is slightly resilient and will probably become even more stable in one or two years’ time. The Economic History Of New Zealand In order to determine the growth rate and progress of the economy of New Zealand, it is necessary to look at its past economy. Until the second half of the twentieth century, New Zealand was a traditionally agricultural country. Agricultural goods formed the bulk of the country’s exports. This was long after the deposits of gold in New Zealand had been exhaustively mined. Some of these goods were dairy products such milk and cheese, wool, fruits, vegetables, meat and forest products. The entire agricultural system was efficient hence a lot of revenue was collected from the sector. The rich agricultural harvest were influenced by fertile soil and abundant rainfall received throughout the year. New Zealand’s economy wasn’t resilient by then due to the fact that the country imported almost twice as much as it exported. The income earned from exports was barely sufficient to pay for the importation of other significant goods that lacked in the country. Until 1973 when it joined the European Economic Community, the United Kingdom was the main trading partner of New Zealand. After this year, New Zealand suffered a tremendous slump due to reduced export of its products to the United Kingdom. Such circumstances have prompted New Zealand to diversify its sources of revenue. If this was to be achieved, the country would no longer have to depend on agriculture as the main source of revenue. It also won’t be affected much if the market for agricultural goods or their price tumbles down. This decision has seen New Zealand regain its earlier trading partn ers and even attract other foreign markets. Currently, its main trading partners include the United States of America, Japan, the United Kingdom, China, Australia and the Republic of Korea. With such powerful and relatively financial stable trading partners, New Zealand’s economy will probably get better in the following years.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Current Economic Activities In New Zealand The transition of New Zealand from an agricultural economy to a market economy has led to the tremendous growth in its economy. Currently, the country has a lot of manufacturing and service industries. These industries are appropriately planned and managed for the economic empowerment of the citizens and the country at large. The industries are also manned by efficiently skilled and highly trained and qualified personnel that have the interests of the countryâ⠂¬â„¢s economy at heart. Apart from the locally available labor, New Zealand also hires the services of professional experts from neighboring countries such as Australia. Apart from abundant and quality labor supply, New Zealand boasts of a highly technological and computerized production process. The country has implemented and also imported the latest technology in the world that not only speeds up the production process but also ensures high quality output (Taylor and Henisz, 1994, page 156). The machines have greatly helped to cut on the production costs. The overall effect is that goods and services produced are offered at affordable prices to both the local and international market. This is the exact reason why New Zealand is making it big in the international market. The Role Of International Trade In New Zealand’s Economy New Zealand’s economy is greatly dependent on International Trade. In fact, most critics say that the economy of New Zealand owes its growth to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). According to Arthur (2000, page 38), exports form a large percentage of the country’s revenue. An estimated value of US $ 83 billion of New Zealand companies is owned by foreign parties, including whole governments, organizations, or at times rich individuals. It is common to come across clusters of businesses in New Zealand that are owned by foreign investors. International trade has been fostered by a number of factors: Political Peace And Stability New Zealand maintains a smooth relationship with almost all the countries in the world. In the recent past, New Zealand has not been involved in any war or conflict. As a matter of fact, it is ranked among the most peaceful nations in the world. Political peace and stability are what have boosted international trade in New Zealand to greater heights.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A Macroeconomic And Financial Outlook Of New Zealand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A lot of businesses have been established in New Zealand by foreign countries due to this peace and stability. The investors are assured of security and benefit because of the conducive business environment provided by a sound political system. Most of the investments in New Zealand are owned or controlled by foreign countries. It is estimated that the USA alone has injected a total of U.S $ 2.3 billion into the economic system of New Zealand. In fact, business ties between the United States of America and New Zealand have always been there. Some US-based companies also have branches in New Zealand. This is because they can rely on the prolonged bilateral ties that have existed between New Zealand and the United States of America (Shooks and Lewis, 1981, page 34). The establishment of the American Chamber of Commerce in Auckland, New Zealand points to the fact that foreign companies feel secure with their investments in this coun try. Furthermore, in a survey dubbed ‘Doing Business 2008’ by the World Bank, New Zealand was ranked the second most business friendly country in the world. This contributed to an increase in the number of investors streaming into the country every year. Lack Of Unnecessary Bureaucracy Investors prefer doing business in a country where there are little or no unnecessary procedures. A country with such officialdom scares away investors. When it comes to starting a business, New Zealand has easy procedural steps for an investor to start a firm in the country (Potter and Spires, 2002, page 78). While other countries insist on tireless paperwork that can take months to be completed, New Zealand has put in place an efficient system that enables a foreign investor to start business in the country within twelve days only. This is one of the reasons why the country was ranked at 99.9% in matters relating to â€Å"Business Freedom† and 85% when it comes to â€Å"Economic Freedom.† Government control, conditions of the labor market and property and ownership rights are also favorable to foreign investors. Free Trade Agreements New Zealand has engaged in a free trade agreement with Australia. The two are in a partnership called Closer Economic Relations (CER). Under this partnership, goods and services are traded freely between member countries. Both the two countries have mutually benefited from this scheme. Goods and services from New Zealand have been open to a market of about twenty five million prospective customers in Australia. In the same manner, New Zealand has served as a major market for the goods and services from Australia. A major achievement on the side of New Zealand as a result of this agreement is that a total of 19% of its exports are imported by AustraliaAdvertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More New Zealand has also signed free trade agreements with other countries. These are Singapore, Chile and Brunei. The trade agreement, known as the P4 agreement, has been of substantial importance to the member countries. Of most significance is that these member countries will never lack a market for their goods. They are also least affected by the instability of commodity prices in the international market. Furthermore, each of the member countries utilizes its comparative advantage to produce only goods that it can produce easily and efficiently. It can then easily acquire the other goods which are best produced by other member countries. From the above discussion, it can be inferred that international trade has been of much significance to the economy of New Zealand. If this smooth international relations are anything to go by, then the economy of New Zealand is set to experience a major boost in the next one or two years. Current Economic Situation Of New Zealand New Zealand is cu rrently recovering from the global financial crisis which began in 2007. Prior to this financial crisis, New Zealand was again struggling to gain ground after the Asian financial crisis of 1997 to 1998. Although the New Zealand economy is generally struggling to be stable, there is a prospect of much stability in the years to come. This is because there is a general economic slump throughout the world and New Zealand is no exception (Bannock and Peacock, 1989, Page 27). This section will look at today’s economic situation of New Zealand basing on its GDP figures. The Gross Domestic Product of New Zealand has been experiencing gradual growth. Over the years, New Zealand’s GDP growth had a quarterly growth of 0.56. However, the growth has been encountering a series of highs and lows. During the times when the economy was doing well, the GDP growth was growing at an impressive percentage. A good example of this is in 1999 when it hit an impressive mark of 2.7. On the othe r hand, the GDP growth rate was low at times when the economy was doing poorly. A good example of this is the year 1991 when the GDP growth rate hit the lowest mark in New Zealand history, which was -2.60. The figure below is a representation of the trend in the growth of the Gross Domestic Product of New Zealand in the last four years. Source: TradingEconomics.com; Statistics New Zealand The Gross Domestic Product Per Capita of New Zealand has also increased significantly over the years. This has been as a result of increased production due to increased efficiency and reduced costs of production. Currently, the GDP Per Capita of New Zealand stands at 14995 US dollars. The value of the GDP Per Capita was at its record highest in 2007; 15308 US dollars. This was probably before the serious consequences of the 2007 global financial crisis set in. Although New Zealand has a low GDP Per Capita compared to other Western economies, the rate at which it is growing is promising. It is with no doubt that with such a trend, New Zealand’s economy is going to become more stable than ever in the coming one or two years. The figure below shows the value of the GDP Per Capita of New Zealand from the year 1998 to 2008. Source: TradingEconomics.com; The World Bank Group As seen from the above diagram, the GDP Per Capita has been growing steadily from 1998 to 2008. This is a positive trend about the economy of New Zealand because it portrays the high probability of a better economy of the country in the coming years. Challenges Facing The Economy Of New Zealand Although New Zealand is on its way to a more stable economy, there are various hindrances that stand in its way to this achievement. Some of these hindrances are internal while others come from external forces. The internal barriers can be overcome, as it will be seen later. The external forces such as a global financial crisis cannot be averted by any country. However, it is possible to plan for the future in s uch a way that the negative effects of these forces do not have a devastating impact on the economy. Below are some of these hindrances and how New Zealand has stepped in to provide viable solutions to some of them. Dependency On Trade New Zealand’s economy is majorly centered on trade. The dominant type of trade is international trade. Although a bit of the economy is diversified, trade remains the main source of government revenue and personal income to local investors. Its policy of a free market economy is faced with many uncertainties. For instance, the prices of most international goods are unpredictable. This puts the economy of the country at stake because prices can suddenly drop to unimaginable levels without warning. As much as there is a prospect of a better and more stable economy in the coming years, it is also possible that one day New Zealand can wake up to a crushed economy. In order to avoid such a circumstance, New Zealand is trying to stem up its foundatio n in trade by diversifying more of its economy to include other sectors such as tourism. Strong Currency The New Zealand dollar is strong compared to most developing countries, which can be prospective trading partners. It is therefore expensive for such countries to import products from New Zealand. This limits the market of goods from New Zealand to a handful of developed nations such as Australia, Japan, China, the USA and the Republic of Korea. Some of these nations produce identical goods to those produced in New Zealand. Therefore, New Zealand can never be assured of a constant outflow of exports to its trading partners. There may be instances where it may have to lower the price of its goods to outshine competitors. To avoid such instances, New Zealand has engaged in trade agreements that stipulate clearly the terms and conditions of the agreement. With such an agreement, the country is assured of a steady market and no cases of breach of contract. Although New Zealand has on e of the lowest unemployment rates in the world, the effects of unemployment, no matter how miniature, still count. Unemployment slows down the rate of economic growth of a country. The effect of unemployment on the economy of New Zealand was at its worst during the period when the country had a social security system that provided benefits for the unemployed. Those were the days when the rate of unemployment was close to zero (Fynes and Ennis, 1997, page 97). With the current unemployment rate of 6.5%, such a move would be suicidal to the economy of the country. Unemployed people drain the economy by raising the level of dependency. The working class is forced to spend some of their revenue on those who don’t have a source of income. The overall effect is that a vicious cycle develops. Increased expenditure on the unemployed reduces the amount of funds that are available for saving and thus investment. Lange (1990, page 178) states that lack of savings and hence little or no investment leads to a retarded economy that strives to produce only that which is sufficient for consumption. Luckily for New Zealand, a lot of jobs are created on a daily basis. For instance, approximately one thousand jobs were created in the June 2011 quarter alone. Current Account Deficit New Zealand has a persistent current account deficit. The current account deficit stands at a value that is 8-9% of the Gross Domestic Product. This is a trend that has been going on for years. The main cause of this deficit is an imbalance or inequality between the value of exports and imports. New Zealand mainly exports agricultural products. It also earns some foreign exchange from tourism activities. On the other hand, it imports valuable goods such as machinery and computerized devices. The cost of the imports far exceeds the total revenue acquired from the exports. Another cause is the relatively weaker New Zealand dollar compared to other developed countries. This makes it less expensiv e for foreign countries to import goods from New Zealand. On the contrary, it is expensive to import goods into New Zealand. New Zealand is trying to work on this discrepancy by broadening the base of its exports. Disadvantages Of A Floating Exchange Rate System New Zealand has adopted the Floating Exchange Rate System which is full of uncertainties. The uncertainties scare away potential investors. This is because they are not sure of how much they will make from the economy. It cannot be predicted whether the investor will make a loss or a profit (Franklin, 1978, page 56). This system also has a negative effect on importers. They are not certain of how much they will pay for their imports or worse still, the exact price at which they will sell their products. Efforts Of The Government And Monetary Authorities To Stabilize The Economy The government and Monetary Authorities have played a big role in a bid to stabilize the economy of New Zealand. They have put in place various mecha nisms and policies to counter inflation and cut down on foreign debts. The following are some of the ways in which the government and the Monetary Authorities have helped to keep the economy of New Zealand: Monetary And Fiscal Policies The government of New Zealand has the authority to make necessary adjustments on the availability and value of money for the betterment of the economy. The government can regulate the amount of money in circulation through government expenditure and taxation. The coordination of the two steps also controls the level of aggregate demand hence checking on inflation (Northdurft, 1992, page 124). Increase in expenditure by the government of New Zealand increases money circulation hence raising the level of aggregate demand. On the other hand, decrease in government expenditure reduces money circulation hence reducing aggregate demand. In the same way, increase in taxation by the government of New Zealand reduces money circulation and aggregate demand. Dec rease in taxation increases money circulation and aggregate demand. The money authorities of New Zealand can also control the amount of money in the economy through monetary policies. These money authorities include the Reserve Bank and the Central Bank. The main concept behind the monetary policies is the control of the interest rates. This control is achieved by the regulation of the amount of money in circulation. The Central Bank can take expansionary measures to increase money circulation. These measures include buying of government securities, lowering the reserve requirements and lowering the interest rate on loans to banks where it has to act as the lender of last resort (Hatch, 2001, page 201). The overall effect will be that bank loans will have lower interest rates, more people will go for the loans and there will be an increase in money circulation. In the same way, measures can be taken by the Central Bank to contract money circulation. These include sale of government securities and raising reserve requirements. The bank can also raise its lending rates so that the banks have to raise their interest rates in turn. The overall effect is the reduction in money circulation. With such mechanisms, the economy of New Zealand won’t get out of hand and will definitely stabilize within a short time. Conclusion From the foregoing, it is evident that even though New Zealand’s economy is currently slightly stable, it is bound to become more stable in the coming one or two years. It is also clear that New Zealand has undergone many transformations from an agricultural economy to a free market economy. Furthermore, there are a number of challenges that face the economy of New Zealand, but policy makers from New Zealand have come up with appropriate remedies for almost all of them. Finally, the government and the Monetary Authorities have played a significant role in the stabilization of New Zealand’s economy. In conclusion, New Zealandâ₠¬â„¢s economy is set to become more stable in the coming years. Reference List Arthur D. L. (2000). Sector partnership report, promotion and development of export trade: Best practice in organization and partnership. Trade Partners UK, London: Trade Partners UK. Bannock, G. and Peacock, A. (1989). Government and small business. London: Paul Chapman. Franklin, S. H. (1978). Trade, growth and anxiety: New Zealand beyond the welfare state. Methuen: Wellington Fynes, B. and Ennis, S. (1997). Competing from the Periphery. London: Dryden Press. Hatch, C. (2001). Strategic linkages and competitive advantage; Microenterprise best practices. Bethesda: MD Lange, D. (1990). Nuclear free: The New Zealand way. New Zealand: Penguin Books. Northdurft, W. (1992). Going global: How Europe helps small firms export. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Potter, J. B. and Spires, R. (2002). The wider effects of inward foreign direct investment in manufacturing. Journal of Economic Geography, 2, 279-310. Shooks, W. and Lewis, K. (1981). New Zealand – Australia free trade agreement. Melbourne: Industries Assistance Commission Library. Taylor C. R. and Henisz W. J. (1994). US Manufacturers in the global marketplace. New York, NY: Conference Board. This research paper on A Macroeconomic And Financial Outlook Of New Zealand was written and submitted by user JoantheMouse to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Revise Bullet Lists for Grammatical Consistency

How to Revise Bullet Lists for Grammatical Consistency How to Revise Bullet Lists for Grammatical Consistency How to Revise Bullet Lists for Grammatical Consistency By Mark Nichol Bullet lists distinguished from numbered lists in that they do not imply a priority or chronology in the order in which the list items appear are useful for when a list becomes too unwieldy to be formatted in line (within a sentence), but just as in a sentence’s in-line list, the bullet list’s grammatical structure should be coherent. Here are three bullet lists I obtained from a job listing (a format that frequently exhibits grammatical infelicities and thus amuses job-seeking wordsmiths attuned to irony), each followed by a syntactically sound revision: 1. Original â€Å"This position is responsible for: Writing and/or editing in all media Assures quality for engaging audience Coordinates flow of information to achieve news cycle deadlines Creative Designer Contributes to high-performing teamwork Continuously seeks and applies learning to enhance skills and performances† 1. Revision â€Å"This position is responsible for writing and/or editing in all media assuring quality for engaging the audience coordinating flow of information to achieve news-cycle deadlines creatively designing presentation of content contributing to high-performing teamwork continuously seeking and applying learning to enhance skills and performances† Note that the colon in the introductory phrase has been omitted because the bullet-list items consecutively complete that phrase; it’s incorrect whether in line or in a bullet list to write, â€Å"This position is responsible for: writing and/or editing in all media . . . .† (It is acceptable to follow each bullet list item with a comma, with the conjunction and following the next-to-last comma, and include a period after the last item, which more accurately replicates an in-line list’s structure, but these additions are superfluous.) Most important, however, the verb(s) in each item now take an identical inflectional ending (-ing). The list could also, by revision of the introductory phrase, allow a simple verb form (-s), requiring alteration only of the verb form of the first item and an extension of â€Å"Creative Designer† into a complete thought: â€Å"The content manager writes and/or edits in all media† (etc.) 2. Original â€Å"Job Requirements: Applicants should have at least three years of daily newspaper copy editing and design experience. Exceptional Writing Proficiency Strong Proofreading and editing skills Experience in page design and layout on pagination systems like Quark or InDesign. Must understand that journalists are held to a higher standard and must follow strict ethical rules, such as not accepting gifts from sources; not putting political bumper stickers on their cars; etc. all outlined in The New York Times Co.s ethical policies. Knowledge of best practices in page design, typography, use of space and photography. 2. Revision â€Å"Applicants must have at least three years of daily newspaper copyediting and design experience, exceptional writing proficiency, strong proofreading and editing skills, experience in page design and layout on pagination systems like Quark or InDesign, and knowledge of best practices in page design, typography, use of space, and photography. Applicants must also understand that journalists are held to a higher standard and must follow strict ethical rules such as not accepting gifts from sources and not putting political bumper stickers on their cars all outlined in The New York Times Co.’s ethical policies.† The original introductory phrase is correctly punctuated because it is a fragment that sets up but is not syntactically continuous with each of the items that follow it. However, the items are inconsistent as to whether they are phrases or complete sentences and in terminal punctuation. In my revision, I created a new introductory phrase that can apply to all bullet list items (except the one about ethical rules, which I broke out as a separate paragraph because of its length and nonparallel structure and note the revision of its own in-line list), and I lowercased several words that were gratuitously capitalized. This scheme now matches that of the first bullet list with one exception: Here, for illustration, I have included optional internal punctuation in the bullet list, which I discussed but recommended against in my annotation of the previous example. 3. Original We are looking for candidates who have the following qualities: Quality Orientation Strong Work Standards Exceptional Communication Skills Ability to manage work Contributing to team success Proven decision making skills Building strategic working relationships Active Learning 3. Revision â€Å"We are looking for candidates who have the following qualities: quality orientation strong work standards exceptional communication skills ability to manage work desire to contribute to team success proven decision-making skills aptitude for building strategic working relationships active learning† This list was easier to fix: The introductory phrase, which comes to a halt, is correctly punctuated, and the items were mostly consistent in their phrase form. (Inconsistency in grammatical form between one list and another in a piece of content is acceptable, but lists should be internally consistent.) I simply removed unnecessary capitalization and rephrased two of the items to describe qualities rather than actions. For more tips about bullet lists, check out this post, and search the site for â€Å"lists† and â€Å"bullet lists† to find others. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)The Possessive ApostropheThe Difference Between "Shade" and "Shadow"

Operating strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operating strategies - Assignment Example It is also playing an integral roll in problem in problem solving, implementation and knowledge building to build durable trust based relation ship. And also do your best for superior quality and unique impact. Serve all clients as firm clients by influencing our scale and global network of knowledge resources. Also try to develop and broadcast world class research practice. Try to manage client and firm resources in cost effective manner too. If you want to make any kind of reputation and want your company brand as a standard than you have to deliver best of the firm to each and every client. These strategies also give publicity to your product as a standard one. Al ways try to develop and excite your people through a great active learner ship and make bigger, industrial opportunities. Always promote the wide ranging working atmosphere. And also support the compulsion to be descent to work. Respect the responsibility of individuals for balancing professional and private life and also showing care and consulate for every individual. 4. Govern Yourself Through a Partnership Based on Some Values: Always live by the principles of a concerned partner ship and benefit from individual freedom and take for granted the responsibility of mutual accountability and self governance. And always operate as single form. Operating Strategies in Immediate Staffing Group: Operating strategies should be very unique regarding immediate staffing issues for production of new product. The new generation of product will involve the new technologies that are not known by many current engineers. We mean to say that for the production of new generation we need a persons having command in all aspects that are

Improving Life in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Improving Life in the United States - Essay Example The present face of life in the U S, however, reflects the fading effects from repeated burns suffered by the political and economic structure of the country mostly from foreign policies of tariff, trade and international relationships. Continuous demonstrations of strive for political supremacy over different upcoming nations accounted for massive loss to the GDP of the country in the past few decades. Subsequent turns of two different political parties did little favor to the growth of the economy after the severe blow on its economic nerves with the issues like the Wall Street Collapse and the WTC attack. America, the uncrowned emperor of the world nations, has ever since spent a lot more on defense and anti-terrorist activities across the world and made the great efforts to take revenge on apparently poorer and weaker enemies. The resultant picture was the raise of a weakening crack in the strong walls of the country’s promised security of its own individuals for their wea lth and prosperous life. Long years of recession along with European financial crises paved way for debatable levels of inflation and massive unemployment concerns in the U S. Presently, even as the data from various international assessment agencies shows that the country is generally stable; improving life in the U S is a serious challenge before the nationals now. The growing trend of inflation relates to the rapid progress of distance between the rich and the remaining people in the country. Such a scenario is sure to bring home the bad impacts on per capita GDP, life expectancy, status of family and community life, gender ratio at the employment sector and many more. Apart from them, the cultural changes at international levels also add to the adversities at the moment. Therefore, a revival of the entire administrative aspects and political framework is necessary for the renaissance of the nation. When life in the US is seen as the core element for improvement, it should be vie wed from the national and individual angles. The country has to reframe a majority of its foreign policies in order to pacify the cultural and religious disparities at the grass-root level among people. For the US, targeted attacks on the grounds of counter-terrorism operations in different countries may be reduced for saving its amazingly huge proportions of military funding. As a result, the money could instead be used for the uplift of living standards of the poor Native American children and for the promotion of education and health care of its citizens. Smaller nations in the European and Asian continents continue to excel their capabilities of progressive efforts in market capitalization and foreign investment allocations for advancement in business. It is time for the U S to realize the need for new and centralized economic policies for the reimbursement of its faith in the global market. As constancy in investment-allotment ratio is the index of economic stability, the gover nment of the US should amend plans for attracting more foreign investors. Thus, the country can avoid rigid actions of immigration cut-shorts and imposition of political

Advantages and disadvantages of viewing behaviour

Advantages and disadvantages of viewing behaviour To look at life-span development, we need to be aware of what it is, although the meaning is within the name. It looks at how a normal person develops throughout the life-span. This process begins between conception and birth, the miracle of pregnancy where a one-celled organism develops into a foetus and finally a newborn baby emerges into the world. The development of this developing child is affected by the world around them. Affecting growth and at critical points can alter their genetic characteristics, which are developed within the womb, and the expression of these characteristics. Our exploration begins at birth, where who we are and will ultimately become is a life-long endeavour. (http://www.learner.org/discoveringpsychology/development/ 2001) In this assignment I am going to look at the infant period of the life-span. Development occurs across three separate yet overlapping domains. Biological, which looks at how the body matures, grows and changes. Psychosocial looks at an individuals personality and emotions and also their social expectations and interactions. Cognitive involves the mental processes of knowing which includes problem solving, imagining, reasoning and perceiving. According to Erikson (1950) there are 8 stages of development beginning with 0-1 year old, basic trust versus basic mistrust. This involves trusting that things will happen either through the childs own ability or trust that the childs care giver will provide what is needed. A key element in Eriksons theory is based on a secure attachment being made. This ties in with Bowlbys attachment theory (1969), as he believes a secure base must be formed in early years through attachment. He believes this attachment will impact future relationships. For example, attachment in adult intimate relationships can mirror earlier attachments in childhood, resulting in negative or positive attachments throughout the life-span. Eriksons second stage of development is for 2-3 year olds, autonomy versus shame, doubt. At this age childrens biological development includes learning to grasp, walk and other physical abilities which ultimately lead to free choice. The child begins to show control, for example with toilet training. However they may also develop a feeling of shame if the training is not handled adequately. Children need to be enabled to assert some control over their environment. Success with this leads the child to feeling a sense of purpose. However this needs to be balanced as the children who exert too much power can experience disapproval from their care giver which will result in the child feeling guilty. In social work practice some theories have influenced social work over the years. One example is psychosocial casework which in many ways is a development from psychodynamic theory in particular the ego psychology of writers such as Erikson. However Thompson criticises Eriksons work on human development as he feels it does tend to lack awareness of broader social issues (the significance of gender, for example) (Thompson, 2009, p89) A key theory I touched on briefly is attachment. In 1970 Ainsworth and Bell conducted a study which looked at the individual differences in attachment. They used a test called the strange situation to conduct the experiment; it involved mothers and 1 year old infants being observed by researchers in a play-room through a two way mirror. This study is relevant in practice as the social worker is the stranger. This is why the situation should be observed and record made of what occurs. As a social workers experience grows they may relate to what they observe on an attachment style. According to Bowlbys research there are lots of issues affecting attachment, for example, a mother suffering from post-natal depression may have trouble bonding with her child. This can have long-term effects on the child. However the child can form an attachment with another care giver. Although Bowlby insists on it being the mother this does not have to be the case, as children can adapt and attach to any care giver, as long as all needs are adequately met. Attachment is valid throughout the entire life-span not just in infancy. Every person has an attachment style that is unique to them. However a secure base is still needed as early attachment is crucial. When a child has a good early attachment they will learn to trust a new care giver because the child has previously learnt to trust. This again links Bowlby and Eriksons theories together, both putting attachment and trust as key issues in infancy. The intimacy of attachment is greatest at this early stage of infancy. Its difficult to get more intimate, than a vulnerable child with their primary care giver. There are 3 different kinds of attachment styles, ambivalent, secure and avoidance. Some attachment styles work well together and others dont. A social workers assessment in attachment styles is vital especially in adoption. As an ambivalent parent, who is very needy for love, this would clash with an avoidance child, whose reaction would be get away from me. Although Bowlbys theories are widely respected some feel his specification of the care giver being the mother as sexist. However his theory is valid and can be used with any care giver the child has and is vital in social work theory. A number of theorists have reconceptualised Bowlbys internal working model of attachment, which regulates communication with significant others, as a form of regulatory implicit rational memory (Bremmer and Slater, 2004, p208) This shows how Bowlbys attachment theory can be used as a base to support other theorists. Another key theorist for this stage of development is Freud. Freud (1905) believes that from the moment of birth the infants actions are driven by their desire for sexual and bodily pleasure. In infancy there are 3 stages to go through, the oral stage, the anal stage and the phallic stage. The initial oral stage is satisfied through sucking, for feeding. The second anal stage is released through the act of defecation. The final stage in infancy, the phallic stage is released through the infants interest in their sexual organs. Freud himself recognises the universal outrage that his theory was met with. Few of the findings of psychoanalysis have met with such universal contradiction or have aroused such an outburst of indignation as the assertion that the sexual function starts at the beginning of life and reveals its presence by important signs even in childhood. And yet no other findings of analysis can be demonstrated so easily and so completely. (Freud, 1925a: 216-217 cited in Thurschwell, 2009, p40) Looking at all the theorists and the life-span development in general gives you a benchmark of the norm. This enables us through the assessment process of any potential abnormalities that may be occurring. The theories are each relevant as they allow us to view why children exhibit certain behaviours. Theory is an integral part of social work, and the necessary tools needed are knowledge skills and values. Having adequate knowledge means knowing the relevant information, which when skilfully applied makes competent social work practice. Social workers need to be aware of people as ever growing individuals, with a past, present and future. It is vital to understand that service users are constantly changing and adapting to their surrounding environment. Children are not just miniature adults, they are their own individuals with separate wants and needs. We need to take this into account when dealing with children, and not talk around them. When this is not possible their best interests need to be at the heart of every decision made. Much of the distinction that we can make between adult and child owes a lot to how our society and the various cultures within it have constructed notions of what is appropriate for a child as opposed to what is appropriate for an adult. (Thompson and Thompson, 2008, p87-88) Although children need to be treated differently than adults we always need to be aware of the future of possibilities they have in front of them. A lot of who we become is mapped out in our childhood, so behaviours need to be noted and understood to help the individual in later life. One disadvantage the life-span development does not take into account is the world around us. This depending on the specific factor can lead to Anti-Discriminatory Practice (ADP) or Anti-Oppressive Practice (AOP), for example. a lack of understanding and knowledge of different cultural issues. Societal issues have just as much of an effect on infants as on adults. The structure of society often puts people at a disadvantage, for example, societys reaction to disability or race can lead to poverty and even social exclusion. However even with these issues people can sill build up resilience. Resilience enables some individuals to achieve satisfactory outcomes despite their disadvantaged backgrounds. This can be seen through a good school compensating for a delinquent neighbourhood. Even infants show resilience, low birth weight poses a risk to the child, due to the child being unable to grow at the rate required to which in return could affect its immune system, leaving the baby more vulnerable. Therefore overcoming this shows great resilience at a very early age. Another issue this raises is society labelling those who are considered to be outside the norm. Labels tend to influence the way people view and respond to what is labelled. Labelling theory describes the response and expectations of others to an act labelled deviant. This may create a situation in which the labelled person can do no other than respond in the ways expected. (Davies, 2000, p181) The labelling will have an effect on the care giver and therefore on the infant as well. When looking at infants you need to be aware of the surrounding family. Who at this early and vulnerable stage in development will have a significant impact? So although poverty is not something the infant will even be aware of, the care giver will be all too aware. There are a number of circumstances that may affect the way a child is raised; poverty is just one societal implication that can have an effect on the entire family. Any of these circumstances can lead to unnecessary stress which will then also impact on the infant. A different factor that can affect growth and development is disease and illness. One example of a condition that affects a childs development is autism. It is considered that autistic children show a lack of interest in people and therefore fail to show the normal attachment to their care giver. Autistic children have varying degrees of communication problems and because learning through play can be restricted, the childs pattern of development will be affected. In autistic children the overall development is slow and they do not reach the same mental milestones as the child who is normal. However autistic children are known to reach islands of brilliance. For example, although their communication with other children is very limited they may show considerably better powers of memory or drawing skills. So although the development process is very different from the norm, they adapt to their environment as other children do. In the early years it is just a matter of persevering and lea rning to get to know the infant the same as any other care giver would. In the case of an autistic child the life-span development would not be very useful, nor would the theories that have been suggested during this assignment. The social worker working with the infant will have to do their first initial assessment. Here they are laying the foundation for future assessments. They will be looking at the infants development and growth but as mentioned earlier the family will also impact on the infant in various ways. This is where knowledge of the entire lifespan is useful. As every person who is involved with the infant plays a part in their development. So an awareness of what is normal for that person is an advantage. The social worker will also be looking at the social implications that have an effect on the family, both positive and negative. So working with the family as a unit, with the infants well-being at the heart of everything, the social worker can focus on reducing the risk and negative impacts and raising awareness of the positives. This should have a positive affect on the well-being of the child. In conclusion a good knowledge and understanding of the life-span development benefits social workers, as it shows what is considered to be normal development throughout life. This helps social workers recognise when someone is not on target and therefore raises awareness of potential problems. However the disadvantage to this is it doesnt take into account any outside factors that can affect development. These factors include society issues that can lead to ADP and AOP if not taken into account with users and handled appropriately.